The Pros And Cons Of Modern Architecture - 1171 Words

What comes to people’s mind when they hear the word â€Å"Modern?† How about for Modern †Architecture?† Based on Merriam-Webster’s â€Å"Modern† term, Modern means; â€Å"relating to, or characteristic of a period extending from a relevant remote past to the present time.† On the other hand, â€Å"Modern Architecture† article also defines Modern architecture as; â€Å"A new architectural style that emerged in many Western countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the rational use of modern materials, the principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament.† There are multiple reasons why Modern architecture is the best of all the architectural styles: it’s inexpensive and eco-friendly, its interior is†¦show more content†¦On â€Å"Miraculous Modern Building Materials† article, it states that; â€Å"Modern building materials are becoming more l ightweight, cost-effective, durable, energy-efficient and resistant to extreme weather and termites.† Modern materials are sustainable which means it could last for so many years. Using heavy materials like concrete for the whole building isn’t really healthy for the environment. It causes pollution and topsoil destruction. This explains why Modern architecture is the best. It is inexpensive and environmental-friendly at the same time. Rather than that, a Modern style also shows simplicity and cleanliness. Modern architecture is being praised for having a clean and simple interior. On â€Å"Modern Home Design Ideas† article, it states that; â€Å"Modern houses focus on structural simplicity, order and functionality — monochromatic walls, basic materials and clean architectural lines are the foundation†¦ The modern interior design emphasizes strong lines, a lack of ornamentation and minimal texture.† What this means is that a Modern house interior is â€Å"minimalist† and has less clutter. Unlike the other architectural styles, Modern doesn’t use too many decorations or colorful materials that will make its interior look more complex and compressed. As a result, a Modern interior could help people relieve stress. People deal with stress and problems every day, and they do that mostly at home. On â€Å"How Your Room Affects Your Mental Health† article, people’sShow MoreRelatedBasic Principles Of Computer Architecture1569 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Introduction to Computer Architecture This chapter is dedicated to some basic principles of computing which were established almost a century ago, such as the Turing machine. A brief introduction to programming levels as well as their individual properties, pros and cons. Universal Computing device All computers are designed to store data and process it. Although there is a huge variety of computers which all use different hardware and software components the exact same things can be achievedRead MoreGeorges Eugene Haussmann and His Impact on City Planning Essay example1130 Words   |  5 Pagescharge of the maintenance and upkeep of the sprawling metropolises that now dominate the world scene have used methods that are equally alike and different in order to accomplish their goals. 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Explanations of East Asian Economic Development Free Essays

string(29) " or as a demander of output\." The economic success of the East Asian countries has inspired many economists to study the background of their rapid growth. Interestingly, different economists interpret this success in entirely different ways. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical model argued that growth in East Asia was the result mainly of the market mechanism and the emphasis on export promotion in these countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanations of East Asian Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical approach was criticised by economists who stressed that government intervention played a crucial role in the process of economic growth. This paper aims at presenting a survey of the arguments recently put forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the role of government in the economic success of the countries in East Asia. Such a survey is very useful, since it forms a new breeding ground for the discussion on the role of the government in the economic development of other Developing countries and the countries in Eastern Europe. Without a doubt East Asia’s economic expansion during the past twenty years is one of the most remarkable economic changes since the Second World War. Gross national product of the East Asian countries increased by more than five per cent per year in the period 1965-1990, which is considerably larger than that of Latin America (1. 8 per cent), sub-Saharan Africa (0. 3 per cent), or even the OECD (2. 4 per cent). Six of the seven fastest growing economies in the period 1960-1985 (measured on the basis of the average growth of per capita GDP) were East Asian countries. The economic success of these countries has inspired many economists to study the background of this rapid growth. What is rather remarkable in this context is the fact that different economists interpret this success in entirely different ways. During the 1970s and an important part of the 1980s advocates of the neoclassical model argued that growth in East Asia was the result mainly of the market mechanism and the emphasis on export promotion in these countries. This interpretation dominated the debate for a long time. Especially since the mid-1980s the neoclassical approach was criticised by economists who stressed that government intervention actually played a crucial role in the process of economic growth. In this paper these economists are referred to as the new interventionists. The debate between the neoclassical economists and the new interventionists seems to concentrate on the issue concerning the role of the government in the process of economic development in general and the East Asian growth miracle in particular. In this article East Asia includes the following countries: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. A significant part of the literature used for this article concentrates mainly on South Korea and Taiwan. This paper mainly aims at presenting a survey of the arguments recently put forward by the critics of the neoclassical approach to explain the economic success of the countries in East Asia. In particular, it emphasises their view with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development. Such a listing of the contributions of the new interventionists concerning the backgrounds of the Asian miracle and the possible contribution of the government is very useful The article is structured as follows. Section 2 presents a survey of the contributions of development economists with respect to the role of the government in the process of economic development as put forward by them in the 1940s and 1950s. Section 3 describes the reactions of the neoclassical economists on these early contributions. They emphasised that especially the market mechanism played an important role in the growth of the East Asian countries. Section 4 deals with the critics of the neoclassical economists and describes their approach to the backgrounds of the Asian miracle. The discussion on the role of the government in the process of economic development originated in the 1940s and 1950s, this discussion fits into the post-war predominance of Keynesian economics. During this period several theoretical models contributions in the literature pointed out that market imperfections justified government intervention. The main emphasis was on the existence and benefits of economies of scale and the external effects of production. One of the most influential models was the model of industrialisation based on the notion of infant industry. The existence of dynamic economies of scale and positive external effects of production in certain industries prompted the government to actively stimulate the development of these industries since the private sector was thought to be incapable of assessing the long-term economic benefits of investing in these industries. According to this model the government would stimulate the development of these industries by means of subsidies and protective measures until they were sufficiently developed to produce without government support. Other models went further in their recommendations concerning the role of the government in development. According to several economists, the economic growth potential of developing countries was restricted since many of these countries mainly exported primary goods. They expected that the prices of these goods relative to prices of industrial goods would fall permanently; this is also known as export pessimism. By combining the infant industry argument with export pessimism they pointed out that a structural change in the production structure of these countries was absolutely necessary in order to obtain positive long-run economic growth prospects. The government ought to play an important role since such a drastic change could never be realised through the market mechanism due to considerably large coordination problems in the economy. The emphasis was put on improving infrastructure and education. Both these aspects were assumed to be extremely important in order to realise such a structural change. Furthermore, the mutual dependence of industries was pointed out: the development of one industry was also determined by the development of other sectors, either as a producer of inputs4 or as a demander of output. You read "Explanations of East Asian Economic Development" in category "Papers" This caused simultaneous support of different industries necessary. Later on, the debate in literature concentrated on the way in which the government ought to intervene. Some supported simultaneous intervention in all industries essential to economic growth; others stressed the limited availability of scarce resources which would hinder the execution of such a comprehensive strategy. They advocated government intervention mainly in those industries that had the most relations with other industries (unbalanced growth strategy; see Hirschman, 1958). These models very much influenced the economic policies pursued by the various developing countries during the 1950s, 1960s, and a large part of the 1970s. The idea of a government intervening in the process of economic growth was appealing to many politicians. It contributed to developing models of central planning, and it stimulated to using trade policies, such as import quota, export subsidies, and fixed exchange rates, introducing price controls and subsidies in markets for goods and production factors, and establishing public enterprises in important sectors like mining and heavy industries. Many governments pursued policies of import substitution (and later also export promotion). Initially, several countries appeared to be successful in achieving economic growth by way of government intervention. However, as increasingly more problems arose with respect to the models of planned economic growth, this approach was increasingly criticised by economists whose ideas matched the neoclassical tradition. This is the term to which they are referred to in the debate on the role of markets versus the Government in the process of growth. Mainly at the fact that the above described models primarily pointed at the imperfections of the market mechanism; the models seemed not to be concerned about the possibility that government intervention in itself could also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources. The neoclassical economists rejected the implicit assumptions that allocate inefficiency due to market imperfections would always be larger than the inefficiency resulting from government failures. This assumption would imply that the government has sufficient information in order to determine for which particular industries positive externalities and dynamic economies of scale could be expected, and to properly assess the costs and benefits of supporting certain activities and industries. This also would imply a well-functioning apparatus of government within which this information would be translated into a policy in the right way. Moreover, it meant that the government would also be strong enough to resist pressure groups and to minimalize the negative effects of rent-seeking behaviour. Finally, it was anticipated that the government put maximum welfare for the country as a whole before maximising the individual objectives of those representing the government. The neoliberals very much doubted the fact that these conditions had been sufficiently met in developing countries. They were rather convinced of the fact that especially such factors as lobbying, rent seeking, and a government pursuing maximisation of the individual welfare function, would negatively affect the efficiency of intervention. Therefore, they concluded that the imperfections of government intervention generally exceeded market imperfections. Only in some cases the government could play a role, e. g. with respect to providing physical infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, and maintaining order and upholding the law. This is all the government should do. The device of getting the prices right plays a crucial role in the neoliberal view: If the markets are not interfered with, scarce resources will be allocated most efficiently. Their starting points were the basis of the IMF and World Bank policy. Recommendations that were part of the structural adjustment programmes presented to developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s. The neoliberal interpretation of the role of the government versus the role of the market in the process of economic development has also been applied in analysing the economic success of East Asia of the past three decades. According to the neoliberals, the governments of these countries observed the limits of their capabilities, and the economic success, therefore, was caused mainly by the market which functioned quite well. They especially pointed out the emphasis governments placed on developing and stimulating exports, private entrepreneurship, and the execution of market-oriented policy measures. Focusing on export enhanced the development of industries with a comparative advantage. The East Asian countries especially developed those industries in which they had a comparative advantage. The governments had created the right environment – by providing macroeconomic stability and public investment in social and physical infrastructure – in which the private sector was encouraged to invest in such a way that it, would contribute positively to economic development. The neoliberal interpretation of the economic success of the East Asian countries was supported by the observation that several African and Latin American countries, where the government had played a very significant role for several decades, had experienced a deep economic crisis since the 1980s. The failure of government intervention and the positive contributions of the market mechanism were elaborately discussed in studies by, among others, these studies considered the East Asian countries as examples of countries where the market mechanism had positively influenced the process of economic development. The neoliberal criticism of the models from the 1940s and 1950s was justified to a certain extent. They rightly emphasised that too much government interference in the process of economic development could lead to considerable inefficiencies. They provided a theoretical basis for the possibility and consequences of government failure (Islam, 1992). Since the early 1970s and especially during the 1980s practically everybody agreed on the fact that government-led economic development, with an important role for state enterprises, would lead to large inefficiencies. However, this did not automatically mean that the neoliberal alternative provided a correct interpretation of the backgrounds of the successes in East Asia. Since the mid-1980s there was increasing criticism of the neoliberal interpretation of the role of the market versus the role of the government in development. These critics can be referred to as new interventionists. This group of economists argued that the government could contribute more to economic development than just providing certain important public goods. They based their ideas mainly on their analysis of the backgrounds of economic success in East Asia. The centre of their analysis proved to have rather a lot in common with the analyses of and themes addressed by development economists of the 1940s and 1950s. Criticism of the Neoliberal Model and the Arguments in Favour of Government Intervention According to the new interventionists, the neoliberal interpretation could not explain satisfactorily the success of the East Asian countries. A growing amount of research showed that government could indeed contribute positively to growth by means of comprehensive intervention in the economic process. This was not in keeping with the usual neoliberal starting points, and therefore alternative approaches were sought after to explain for this finding. An important alternative explanation of the East Asian economic success was found by emphasising the extent of problems concerning coordination in less developed economies. Critics of the neoliberal interpretation pointed out that the government could play an important role in stimulating the process of economic development by reducing coordination problems, related to the hoice of and relationship between production decisions that hinder development. These problems concerning coordination are the result of dynamic economies of scale of production and external effects resulting from the strong mutual dependence of certain industries. If such circumstances do play a role, the allocation of resources on the basis of the market mechanism can quite easily become sub-optimal. To begin with, in practice market prices provide information abou t the current profitability of productive activities; they contain hardly any – if at all – information on future profitability. Under these circumstances, if there are any activities that lead to economies of scale in the future, current market prices give the wrong signals with respect to optimal allocation. In this case, allocation will not be dynamically efficient. Moreover, investment decisions at the level of the individual entrepreneur may be sub-optimal if the future profitability of an investment project also depends on the degree to which investments are made in other sectors at the same time. In this case, too, allocation of resources based on the free market principle results in dynamically inefficient allocation. According to the new interventionists, interventions of East Asian governments were mainly aimed at decreasing these coordination problems, thus stimulating economic growth. The interventions actually improved the economy since barriers caused by economies of scale and external effects were taken down, which probably would not have happened if resource allocation was based purely on market principles. The model explaining the East Asian economic miracle as proposed by these new interventionists matches some of the central thoughts of the development economists of the 1940s and 1950s. One major difference, however, is that this model is formalised in some recent contributions. Recent theories on industrial organisation also point at the positive effect of limited competition – rather than free markets – and protection and co-ordination by the government. The remainder of this section will discuss in more detail several of the above mentioned aspects of the East Asian intervention policy, such as the characteristics of industrial policies, the instruments that were used to stimulate specific investments, the institutional context, and the preconditions. Industrial policy The contents and effectiveness of the industrial policies pursued in the East Asian countries is the central focus of several new interventionist studies, Focusing mainly on the analysis of the Korean experiences, this is also presents a new interventionist interpretation of the economic development of South Korea. In her analysis she shows why the Korean government policy can be considered dynamically efficient. She emphasises the fact that government intervention led to a situation of getting the prices wrong, which, according to her, precisely resulted in an optimal allocation of scarce resources. By deliberately disturbing prices, the government was able to reduce the coordination problems that occur when allocation of resources is left to the market mechanism. Policies aiming at disturbing the market mechanism led to other priorities concerning what should be produced as compared to the outcomes of the market as the coordinating mechanism. The industrial policies of other rapid growers in the region have been interpreted in a similar manner in other studies; characterises the process of economic development in South Korea as the process of late industrialisation. Fast growth in this country is mainly based on the implementation of existing (Western) technologies. The aspect of learning, adopting and adjusting existing technologies is central in her analysis. Since learning processes have the characteristics of a public good and are for example, closely related to increasing economies of scale and the external effects of production, government intervention is vital in the process of late industrialisation. The government sees to it that the Western technology is copied and implemented as efficiently as possible, and that the labour force is educated sufficiently to work with the new technology. Moreover, they coordinate production decisions in different industries. Thus, the government becomes an entrepreneur who decides what, when, and how much to produce. The active intervention resulted in the industrial development of South Korea, which would not have been realised without government intervention. The government especially stimulated those industries that were thought to be of crucial importance to the long-term development of South Korea. Whereas in the 1960s mainly export-oriented industries were stimulated, in the 1970s emphasis was placed on the development of heavy and chemical industries, the electronics industry, and shipbuilding. In the 1980s the centre of attention of industrial policies shifted towards stimulating the development of high-quality industries, the so-called sunrise industries. Due to government intervention South Korea became a leading producer of microchips, and had an important share in the world markets for consumer electronics, cars, and in shipbuilding. In this context, leading economists point out the difficulties involved in the development of especially heavy and chemical industries, and in electronics and shipbuilding. The relatively long time these industries require reaching maturity, and the limited profitability (or even temporary loss) during the initial phase cause these industries to be rather unattractive when it comes to private investment. This provides a legitimate reason for an active industrial policy by the government. Instruments of government intervention The East Asian governments used various instruments that enabled them to influence the organisation of production decisions and the allocation of production factors, in order to achieve that scarce resource would be applied in the areas they preferred. These instruments primarily aim at creating rents, i. e. providing subsidies for certain investments. A subsidy may be a strong instrument to influence the use and allocation of means; provided that the granting meets certain conditions. A subsidy will contain a protective element on the one hand, and provide an incentive to implement specific activities on the other hand. Given these conditions, a subsidy may contribute to the fact that investors who are granted a subsidy may take into account more than short-term profitability only, and may also consider future possible profitability of the decisions. In these cases, the dynamic aspects of implementing investment decisions are taken into account, and thus granting subsidies may contribute to a better allocation of means. Initially, subsidies were granted by means of programmes for cheap credit and selective credit loans. In countries like South Korea and Taiwan, the government had a significant impact on determining the nominal deposit and loan rate in the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, they also introduced guidelines with respect to the allocation of bank loans to the private sector. Thus, they were able to stimulate the development of specific industries and private activities by granting them access to external funding and by subsidising this Funding. The role of the export promotion policy Especially with respect to the role of export-oriented policies as part of industrial policies, and the related specific instruments of government intervention in East Asia, the neoliberals and the new interventionists do not agree. In the neoliberal model the emphasis of government policies on export promotion is very important, since they believe that competition on world markets stimulated East Asian companies to produce efficiently. They exported especially those products for which the countries had a comparative advantage in production. According to the neoliberals, the rapid growth of exports justified this approach. Subsequently, the development of export industries was thought to have a positive effect on the production in other sectors of the economy. In this model – the so-called model of export-led development – the rapid growth of the export industries led to a growth in investment and was therefore the driving force behind the overall economic success. The new interventionists disputed the neoliberal point of view. Some of them point out the fact that the governments created comparative advantages, thus actually reversing the causal relationship between export growth and14 comparative advantages. The above mentioned industrial policies in South Korea can again be used to illustrate this view. The South Koreans developed advantages in shipbuilding, and in the electronics and car industries, all industries in which they initially did not have comparative advantages. Some new interventionists stressed the fact that government intervention stimulated especially those export industries for which competition in international markets was fierce, in order to stimulate the building up of a competitive external sector. To a certain degree, this view resembles the neoliberal interpretation of the role of international trade, although the new interventionists put much more weight into the role of government intervention to develop such a competitive external sector. They argue that international competition can be regarded as an efficiency check of interventionist policies and the policy measures used. The success or failure of export producing firms provided the government with information which enabled it to decide whether or not to continue support to particular industries, and to decide on the extent of this support. Thus, protection measures and the granting of subsidies were linked to the performance of firms with regard to the development of sales in foreign markets. Others, however, resist the argument that exports played a crucial role in stimulating the economic growth of these countries. On the one hand, they point at the limited share of the export sector in total GNP of most East Asian growing countries in the period concerned. Considered this limited share, this sector could never have been the driving force behind the strong economic development during the 1960s and 1970s. On the other hand, the direction of the causality between exports and investments as supposed by the neoliberals is questioned. It is more likely that the explosive export growth was the result of a strong increase in domestic investments, rather than the other way round. The increase in these investments led to an increasing demand for imports, which – taking into account the limited availability of foreign currencies – went hand in hand with an increase in exports. This increase in exports was realised by reducing the domestic consumption of tradable goods, making them available for exports. Exports were not hampered by any unfavourable exchange rate policies, which had indeed been the case in many other developing countries in the 1960s, 1970s, and part of the 1980s. They argue that export production was actively stimulated by means of several instruments, particularly the above described systems of subsidisation. Therefore, some new interventionists argue that the explanation of economic growth in East Asian countries lies in the factors that influenced the strong growth in domestic investments, such as the creation of rents to stimulate investment behaviour. Cooperation between the state and the private sector in the previous sections it has been pointed out continuously that the East Asian governments proved to be able to reduce coordination problems, which contributed to stimulate economic growth. However, this still has not answered the question concerning the way governments were able to dispose of sufficient information to efficiently coordinate investment decisions and to determine which industries were important in realising a dynamically efficient allocation of scarce resources. Several studies have examined this aspect. These studies show that very close ties existed between the government, banks, and the private sector. These ties led to frequent contacts between the government and the private sector about the economy’s weaknesses and strengths. In this way, the government gained a better understanding of the nature of the coordination problems that played a role in the economy. On the basis of this information the government was better able to take decisions concerning intervention. In the case of South Korea, civil servants from different ministries, bank managers, and managers of large companies regularly met on so-called deliberation councils. Apart from this there were also monthly export meetings. At these meetings, presided by the president of the country and attended by16 senior civil servants, managers of banks and companies, economic bottlenecks were directly discussed, and decisions were taken concerning the outlines of the industrial, trade, and financial policies. Specific attention would be paid to the performance of the export industries, and if necessary the export policy would be adjusted on the basis of the information available. The South Korean private sector was very much organised on the basis of conglomerate structures, the so-called Chaebols. A limited number of very large conglomerates were actively involved in various economic activities, thus controlling an important part of the total production of the private sector. The government actively stimulated the development of these large conglomerates. The idea was that this would lead to an optimal use of economies of scale and external effects due to the strong mutual dependence between industries. In this way, the conglomerates would internalise existing coordination problems. Moreover, an advantage of the existence of several large conglomerates was that there were only a small number of ties between the government and the private sector, so that a relatively small number of policy makers and managers would be responsible for making important decisions. This added to an efficient exchange of information and a reduction of coordination problems. Some studies describe the model of the East Asian economies as a governed market. This means that private companies competed and cooperated and were supervised by the government. Other studies – especially referring to the case of South Korea – characterise the relations between government and the private sector as a quasi-internal organisation. This model describes a firm as an organisation that minimalizes transaction costs by internalising certain activities, i. e. hese activities are executed within the organisation. This may cause the allocation within an internal organisation to be superior to allocation resulting from the market mechanism. The model contains a central management that determines the outlines of the activities of the firm and that delegates the execution and immediate responsibility for the results to different divisions. The divisions are accountable to th e central management and have to provide information regularly, enabling the management to change its strategy on the basis of this new information – if necessary. In this way, coordination problems between the different activities can be reduced. The comparison to the characteristics of the Korean society applies to a certain extent, if the government is regarded as the central manager and the various conglomerates as the divisions. Due to the intense and informal contacts between the government and the private sector, the government had at their disposal information concerning the nature and extent of coordination problems in the economy. On the basis of this information, economic policies could be designed and choices could be made on which industries should be supported, since they were supposed to be of crucial importance to the growth of the country. Furthermore, economic policy programmes could constantly be adjusted on the basis of new information so that they would positively contribute to the economic development of the country. To conclude, it can be argued that the strong ties between the government and the private sector contributed to an intense exchange of information. Based on this information, the government was able to follow and if necessary adjust the activities in private industries. The new interventionists considered the combination of these ties and the nature of the way the government created rents and distributed these among firms and industrial sectors as an important explanation of the successful government intervention in the various East Asian countries. Initial conditions and political factors The new interventionists also point at other factors they feel have been important in realising that the government translated the information they eceived from the private sector into a policy that contributed to the successful18 reduction of coordination problems. These factors are closely related to the initial conditions that applied at the moment this miraculous process of economic growth was started. They also point at certain specific political economic circumstances. To begin with, the new interventionists emphasise that in these count ries the educational system and the level of education of the labour force were of a relatively high standard as early as the 1950s, especially compared to countries in Latin America and Africa. This positive initial condition had various positive consequences. To start with, this meant that labour productivity was relatively high and that the East Asian economies were at least capable of working with relatively high-grade production processes as early as the 1950s. Moreover, this meant that the copying of Western technologies is the essence of late industrialisation – could be executed faster. Finally, the high level of education had a positive effect on the quality of the civil service. The latter was not to be underestimated as an aspect of the success of the East Asian intervention policy. Several authors have therefore paid special attention to the aspect of the quality of the civil service. An efficient apparatus of government was of great importance in order to translate the information on coordination problems in the economy into a policy that could contribute to increasing economic growth. Moreover, the work ethic of the average civil servant in the Eastern Asian countries was also important in explaining the efficiency of government intervention. In many developing countries civil servants seemed to be easily corrupted, whereas in most East Asian countries this was relatively less common. Consequently, the abuse of, for example, the granting of subsidies and other benefits to firms could be kept rather limited. To explain this phenomenon the new interventionists argued, among other things that in such countries as South Korea and Taiwan a high degree of social responsibility had been developed and introduced through the educational system. Education very much contributed to a sense of social awareness. This led to the fact that a position as a civil servant involved a high social status. This may be an explanation for the fact that the best students often accepted a19 position with the government whereas a similar position in the private sector would pay far more. This high status would also contribute to a lower degree of corruptness as compared to that in many other developing countries. Moreover, a career with the civil service was considered the perfect way to a high position in the private sector. Apart from these initial conditions, several authors argue that the political economic circumstances in the East Asian countries contributed to the fact that government intervention could concentrate on the efficient use of scarce resources. As is well-known from the public-choice literature, a government may implement a policy because they are being pressurised by certain groups in society that are crucial to a possible re-election. In such case, in their policy the government may to a certain extent want to comply with the wishes of their future voters, rather than pursue a policy that contributes to economic growth as much as possible. 9 For example, they may not use subsidies to support certain important economic activities; instead subsidies may be used to secure political support. In many Latin American and African countries such a populist policy has been pursued in the past with all the associated negative consequences to general economic growth. In case of a more autocratic government, the government will use part of the means available to bribe representatives of powerful lobbies who could jeopardise the government’s continuity or to forcefully suppress these lobbies. In South Korea and Taiwan the government hardly ever faced lobbies of real importance so that a populist policy was not necessary. Therefore, they could develop and pursue their policies independent of any lobby and they could efficiently employ subsidies and other instruments to promote economic growth, rather than use them in order to gain political support. There were several different reasons for this particular circumstance, according to the new interventionists. Among others, for an empirical analysis of such kind of political economic processes, to start with, countries like South Korea and Taiwan were characterised by a relatively equal income distribution due to which the governments of these countries were less pressurised into taking popular measures to please certain lobbies. The equal income distribution was mainly the result of the land reforms of the 1950s which took place both in South Korea and Taiwan. Thus, equal income distribution had been realised before the start of the period of rapid growth. More recently, empirical support for the positive relation between equal income distribution and economic growth has been found. Moreover, some mention the fact that both the South Korean and the Taiwanese society were characterised by a relatively cultural unity, This meant that this potential source of political instability was less strong than it often was in other developing countries and that this made it easier to develop a solid nation state. Some authors also mention the fact that the Japanese oppression of South Korea before 1945 drastically reduced the role of lobbies in this country. With respect to Taiwan, the flight of political leaders and their supporters from China had actually decimated the differences between the various political lobbies. Finally, there was no elite based on the ownership of natural resources, since these countries hardly had any natural resources. In several Latin American countries this elite was an important opponent of the government. The new interventionists offer an alternative explanation for the economic success of the East Asian countries during the past few decades. They point at the existence of coordination problems and argue that these problems are the main obstacle for economic development. For this reason the government should play an active role. The analysis of the role of the government in East Asia shows under which circumstances government intervention may have a positive impact on the economic growth of a country. The contributions by the new interventionists appear to resemble those by the development economists21 from the 1940s and 1950s. The difference, however, is that the new interventionists have provided the understandings of the development economists with a more solid theoretical and empirical basis. Some questions remain unanswered, however. For example, the new interventionist analysis of the role of the government in the East Asian success has not convincingly shown why the efforts of the governments of these countries seemed to have been explicitly concentrated on promoting long-term economic development. This paper has described all conditions that must be met in order for government intervention to contribute positively to economic growth, as was the case in East Asia. Another starting point for future research refers to the empirical foundation of the existence, nature and importance of coordination problems in a less developed economy. Although the new interventionists have frequently and convincingly described the existence of these failures, until now their empirical proof has been scarcely provided. Therefore, micro-level research – i. e. t the industrial level – into the significance of these coordination problems in economic development is vital. Related to this, more empirical research ought to be conducted into the importance of dynamic efficiency in a less developed economy. This requires more analysis of the nature of the possible economies of scale, the external effects in such economies, and the way in which they could be exploited by government interventi on. The debate on the role of the government was quite explicit after the World Bank had published a study in 1993 which contained an in-depth analysis of the backgrounds of the East Asian success. The new interventionists criticised the World Bank for the contents of this report ,the analysis in this report builds on an earlier World Bank report (World Bank, 1991) in which the neoliberal view on the role of the government is somewhat changed with respect to their previous attitude on this subject. Both the 1991 and 1993 reports assign a more positive role to government intervention. The reports argue that interventions may add to economic growth, provided that these interventions are market friendly. The market friendly nature of interventions means that markets ought to function freely, unless the results are clearly better in case of government intervention. Furthermore, checks and balances have to be introduced: interventions must always be subject to the discipline of the domestic and foreign markets as much as possible. Finally, intervention must be straightforward and transparent, based on clear regulations, so that the contents and consequences can be monitored by anyone. The 1991 World Bank report introduces the market friendly approach of government policy as the alternative road between market and government. Starting from this analysis framework, the 1993 report studies the economic development of East Asia and endorse the positive role of the government in the process of economic development of these countries. Furthermore, the report argues that the distortions that were a result of government interventions were small, especially as compared to those in other developing countries. Government policies were often embedded in a competitive environment, all according to the market friendly approach. At the same time, however, the analysis shows that government intervention was by no means always successful. The market is considered to remain the most efficient coordinating mechanism. Therefore, the report’s advice is to get the prices right. The final conclusion is that the most important positive contributions of government intervention referred to creating a stable macroeconomic environment – in the form of low inflation and government deficits, and a stable exchange rate – and investment in the development of human capital. The government created the right environment within which private initiative could optimally contribute to economic growth. Economic policies should concentrate on these factors, the World Bank argues. The recent World Bank report does only partly do justice to the new interventionist’s criticism. The policy recommendations still seem to be rather neoliberal. Although the World Bank report initially appears to lead to a synthesis of the neoliberal model and the new interventionist understandings, the policy implications of the analysis of the two camps differ very much. The new interventionists point at the importance of government intervention and set great store by industrial policies and the use of subsidies and other instruments in order to realise a dynamically efficient allocation of resources, whereas the World Bank continues to argue that the government ought to aim mainly at creating macroeconomic stability and should aim solely at creating the right conditions for private initiative. Conclusion To conclude, since the early 1990s there appears to be some general agreement concerning the debate on the role of the government in the process of economic development in East Asian countries. The World Bank – being the main representative of the neoliberal point of view – and its critics agree on the fact that the governments of these countries severely intervened in the economic process. Thus, it would make great sense for developing nations in Africa, South America and south East Asia to place prodigious importance of state intervention to economic development and to dismay the western â€Å"liberal† model as useless and deceptive. As they themselves (western countries, including Japan) all at some point in their economic development guided their economy towards what they thought was suitable and progressive, which is called â€Å"industrialisation†. How to cite Explanations of East Asian Economic Development, Papers

Ethics - Professionalism and Governance for Professional Practice

Question: Discuss about theEthics, Professionalism and Governance for Professional Practice. Answer: Discussion With regards to the Australian legislation, the identified case of Picos PC manufacturing company falls under the cases that are reviewed by the Safe Work Australia policies for the purpose of ensuring that the safety and health of employees are maintained (Work Health and Safety 2017). As a national policy, the management of Pico should ensure that it meets the requirements of Workplace Health and Safety as available in the regulations and acts of Australia. One of the major offences likely to be made by the management of Pico includes indulging workers in activities that may be of severe health implications and complications (Work Health and Safety 2017). Forcing workers to glare into brightly illuminated objects, as realized from the medical reports, would lead to blindness or damaged eyesight. Forcing workers into such activities would attract penalties for the company. In case the management of Pico proceeds to the execution of its project, the following Acts and regulations wou ld be breached: ACTs Work Health and Safety Act of 2011 NSWs Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 NTs National Uniform Legislation Act of 2011 Western Australias Occupational Safety and Health Act 1984 Queenslands Work Health and Safety Act of 2012 Breach of the ACS Professional Conduct Public Interest Primacy Regarding this particular code, it should be noted that the views and the interests of the community around Pico should supersede private or personal interests. If in any case there exists sectional interests as well as organizational conflicts, such should be resolved in a manner that it favors the publics interest. In your work, you should safeguard the interests of your immediate stakeholders, provided that these interests do not conflict with the duty and loyalty you owe to the public. In case 11, public interest includes public health matters, work environment, and safety (ACS Code of Ethics 2017). Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics that are violated in this case are: Values and ideals One must act with absolute integrity and professionalism when dealing with everyone including the employees and the community. One must strive to ensure that the quality of life of those affected by their work is maintained or even improved. Standards of conduct Each and every individual that is in a working relationship with others is required to consider the Code of Ethics spirit for the purpose of resolving contentious and ambiguous issues regarding ethical conduct (ACS Code of Ethics 2017). Priorities One must advice employers and clients and also and be advised on potential conflicts of interests between legal requirements and assignments. I must advice and be advised on issues regarding conflicts of interest in connection to ones workplace. Recommendations Regarding the values of ACS, Kushlani should advice the CEO to: Be able to identify the group likely to be impacted and have their interests considered before personal interests. Outline any kind of potential conflicts that could arise between professional duties and legal requirements. Understand that the issue at hand traverses several other financial issues as well as have social and legal implications that could be detrimental to the company. Have the intellectual property of workers respected. Reference ACS Code of Ethics (2017). ACS Code of Ethics. [online] Teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au. Available at: https://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS3200/ethics/acs-ethics.htm [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]. Work Health and Safety (2017). Work Health and Safety (OHS) acts, regulations and codes of practice. [online] Business.gov.au. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/workplace-health-and-safety/whs-oh-and-s-acts-regulations-and-codes-of-practice [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017].

Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Example

Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Millions and 1000000s of people drink cow’s milk every twenty-four hours. Milk has become an evident necessity in an copiousness of peoples’ lives. Many people use milk for breakfast such as on cereal. seting in their java or merely as a glass of milk with toast. At most food market shops. the picks are fat free. one per centum. two per centum. and whole milk. It is believed that milk as a beginning of Ca leads to strong castanetss. but this belief has its disparagers and has become controversial. Ads such as â€Å"Got Milk† have brainwashed us into believing that we â€Å"need† it. We will write a custom essay sample on Pasteurized Milk Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pasteurized Milk Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pasteurized Milk Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But most of the clip this cow’s milk is contaminated with growing endocrines and pesticides. In add-on. pasteurisation destroys about all the nutritionary value in cow’s milk. The disadvantages to imbibing cow’s milk far outweigh the advantages. Drinking milk causes increasing wellness jobs. and may even take to an over-intake of Ca which can be merely every bit debatable as non plenty. In the late nineteenth century. a turning figure of influential people throughout the state believed that American metropoliss had a milk job. Newspaper articles exposed the dismaying conditions in which cattles were fed slop. The state of affairs was known as â€Å"the milk problem† . ( Group III ) Named after Louis Pasteur. pasteurisation is a procedure that requires heating the milk to kill bacteriums and prevent spoilage. It was introduced for safety grounds. but because of the manner it depletes the milk. pasteurisation has led to many wellness jobs throughout the universe. Pasteurized milk is said to be much safer than natural milk and bring forth less wellness jobs. But how could it be when rBGH is injected into cattles doing them to bring forth between 10s and 20 per centum more milk? RBGH-treated animate beings have a 25 per centum greater opportunity of developing mastitis ( a potentially deathly redness of the bag ) . an 18 per centum greater opportunity of going infertile. and a 50 per centum greater opportunity of going square. ( Debating the Safety ) And if one thinks about it. it is upseting to believe we drink the milk that comes from those cattles. Prostate and chest malignant neoplastic diseases have been linked to ingestion of pasteurised milk. chiefly related to additions in a compound called insulin-like growing factors. Milk ingestion can besides lend to important sums of fat and cholesterin in our organic structures. ( Markoff ) Statisticss have besides shown that low milk consumption during childhood was associated with a higher opportunity of low bone denseness taking to osteoporosis. But statistics have besides shown that excessively high milk intake during childhood increased the opportunity of low bone denseness! ( Kalkworf 257-265 ) Along with bone denseness. adult females in the U. S. are the biggest consumers of milk in the universe. yet have the highest degrees of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Children grow up imbibing cow’s milk as portion of their mundane life non cognizing that it is harmful to them and their future wellness. Cow’s milk can impair a child’s ability to absorb Fe. Combined with the fact that milk has virtually no Fe of its ain. the consequence is an increased hazard of Fe lack. Children can besides hold reactions to milk proteins that show up as respiratory jobs and skin conditions. ( Markoff ) Cow’s milk proteins are a common cause of gripes. and now the American Academy of Pediatrics has concluded that there is grounds that cow’s milk may good lend to childhood-onset diabetes. Equally good as diabetes. fleshiness has become a job in the United States. Consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk has contributed to this due to the high degree of concentrated fat in it. ( Kalkworf ) Osteoporosis can be caused by non adequate Ca. but besides by excessively much Ca. That is because one time bones become saturated with excessively much Ca the ability to absorb more is inhibited. As many kids grow they start demoing marks of osteoporosis and it is from unstable Ca degrees. Pasteurized cow’s milk is a really common nutrient beginning of Ca. But there are other nutrient beginnings than milk and dairy merchandises that provide Ca. Foods such as leafy green veggies. nuts. beans and seeds. fish and shellfish. and addendums all are a beginning of Ca. Calcium beginnings such as Spinacia oleracea. benne seeds and Prunus dulciss have even more Ca than milk. ( Jamerson ) Humans are the lone mammals that drink another animal’s milk. There are many other milk options such as soy. Prunus dulcis and coconut. One ground that cow’s milk is non every bit good as a bastioned option is that milk contains lactose doing it more acidic. Approximately 75 per centum of the world’s population is lactose intolerant. which means that they are unable to to the full digest dairy merchandises. Lactase is the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. and most people stop bring forthing it around the age of 5. ( Calcium and Milk ) Another ground cow’s milk is non good is its nutritionary value. When cow’s milk is pasteurized it kills bacteriums but it besides destroys the healthful foods. increasing sugars and fats and transforming proteins into unnatural amino acids that are less than healthy. hence bring forthing less Ca. ( Mercola ) Ever since we were immature. we believed that milk was good for us and our parents ever told us. â€Å"Drink your milk. so you grow up to be strong and healthy. † It is true that Ca builds strong castanetss. but it doesn’t mean that the sum in cow’s milk needfully does. Due to pasteurisation. cow’s milk is said to hold less Ca. ( Mercola ) It is frequently argued that pasteurised cow’s milk is much safer than other milk due to the violent death of bacteriums and pesticides. Of class. many would see the benefits ; nevertheless. pasteurisation kills the good bacteriums and much of the foods to supply a healthful diet. ( Debating the Safety ) Opposing positions claim that cow’s milk helps cut down the hazard of osteoporosis. In fact. they go every bit far as claiming that it will wholly forestall osteoporosis and aid strengthen castanetss. On the other manus. statistics show that consumers of milk have a greater opportunity of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Cow ownership and the many resources cattles provide have been a portion of our history for centuries. Cow’s milk has been a pillar in the human diet. For most of this clip it was natural milk that was consumed. and it was non until the last hundred old ages that pasteurisation came into drama. By this clip. milk as a fundamental in our diet had been established. so doing it safer by killing harmful bacteriums seemed a great thought. However. imbibing pasteurised cow’s milk has led to a complex array of wellness jobs such as high cholesterin. diabetes. gripes. lactose intolerance. and osteoporosis. There is dissension over the sum of Ca really in cow’s milk. and whether or non ingestion of cows’ milk contributes to osteoporosis. Although doing milk safer to imbibe. pasteurisation is said to compromise the nutritionary value of milk. and hence alternate Ca beginnings should be considered. Cow’s milk genuinely does non supply the benefits that the â€Å"Got Milk† commercials would wish us to believe. Works Cited â€Å"Calcium and Milk: What’s Best for Your Bones and Health? † Harvard School of Public Health. President and Fellows of Harvard College. n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. . â€Å"Debating the Safety of Milk from rBGH-Treated Cows ( sidebar ) . † Facts on File Issues and Controversies. Facts on File. 12 Feb. 1999. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. . Group III. Edward F. . Dr. â€Å"Pasteurized V. Natural Milk: Which One Is Healthier for You amp ; Your Family? † Global Healing Center: Natural Health and Organic Living. Global Healing Center. 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . Jamerson. Ann. â€Å"Sources of Calcium Other Than Milk. † Livestrong. Demand Media. 8 Sept. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. . Kalkworf. Heidi J. . Jane C. Khoury. and Bruce P. Lanphear. â€Å"Milk consumption during childhood and adolescence. grownup bone denseness. and osteoporotic breaks in US adult females. † The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 ( 2003 ) : 257-65. Print. Karpf. Anne. â€Å"Dairy Monsters. † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. 12 Dec. 2003. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Markoff. Steven C. â€Å"Is Drinking Milk Healthy for Humans. † ProCon. N. p. . 6 Aug. 2009. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Mercola. Joseph. Dr. â€Å"Why You Shouldn’t Drink Pasteurized Milk. † Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost. 3 June 2010. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.

Hail To the Chief

Hail To the Chief The presidency of John F. Kennedy is one of the most remarkable in America's political history. In his three year term as president, Kennedy was faced with some of the most challenging social, political, and economic issues that our country has ever seen. His choices and policies regarding events like the Vietnamese War and the Cuban Missile Crisis would be key parts in shaping our country today. Despite the glorified image of Kennedy that many Americans hold to today, there is another side of his presidency that is often missed. When one takes a closer look at the details of his rise to power, as well as the real idealsnot those presented to the publicbehind his political decisions, they would see that his presidency cannot be summed up by his public image, but can be understood by carefully examining the circumstances surrounding his administration.In order to understand how Kennedy's political strength grew to where it did, it is first important to look at his early political trai ning.English: Nikita Kruschev letter to President Kenne...After high school, Kennedy studied for a while at the London School of Economics in 1935. From there he entered Princeton University, but was unable to stay because of an attack of jaundice. In 1936 he enrolled at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1940. Kennedy gained invaluable political experience even when he was still at Harvard. He twice visited Europe to watch international politics at his father's side; his father was the Ambassador to England at that time. He did not cease his studies after Harvard, but went on to study at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business in California. By the time that Kennedy's political career started, he was already well studied in economics and politics.Kennedy volunteered for the army in 1941, at the brink of World War...

Arab-Israeli Conflict Essays - Zionism, Land Of Israel, Free Essays

Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict came about from the notion of Political Zionism. Zionism is the belief that Jews constitute a nation (or a people) and that they deserve the right to return to what they consider to be their ancestral home, land of Israel (or Palestine). Political Zionism, the belief that Jews should establish a state for themselves in Palestine, was a revolutionary idea for the 19th Century. During World War I, Jews supported countries that constituted the Central Powers because they detested the tyranny of czarist Russia. Both the Allies and Central Powers needed Jewish support, but Germany could not espouse Zionism due to its ties with the Ottoman Empire, which still controlled Palestine. British Prime Minister Lloyd George & Foreign Secretary Lord Balfour, favored Zionism and supported their cause in a letter that became known as the Balfour Declaration, ensuring that the British government would control Palestine after the war with a commitment to build the Jewish national home there, promising only to work for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine and not harm the civil and religious rights of Palestines "existing non-Jewish communities". After the Great War, Britains Forces jointly occupied the area known as Palestine with Faysals (Iraq) Arab army. The British set up a provisional military government in Jerusalem that soon became a struggle between Jewish settlers and the Arab inhabitants. In April 1920, the Palestinian Arabs revolted, killing Jews and damaging property, opening the Arab nationalist revolution in Palestine. The League of Nations awarded the Palestine mandate in 1922, charging Britain with carrying out the Balfour Declaration, encouraging Jewish migration to Palestine and help create the Jewish "national home". But the Arabs suspected the British mandate would hold them in colonial bondage until the Jews achieved a majority in Palestine. Winston Churchill issued a white paper denying that the British government meant to give preferential treatment to Jews with a proviso for restricting Jewish immigration to conform with Palestines "absorptive capacity". Another action that seemed to violate the mandate was the creation of the Emirate of Transjordan, removing two-thirds of Palestine that lay east of the Jordan River from the area in which Jews could develop their national home, claiming the partition was only temporary. During the first civilian governor of Palestine, it looked as if Jewish-Arab differences would be resolved when more Jews emigrated out of Palestine than immigrated and with the presence of a complementary relationship among the two peoples, but the hopes dissipated during the 1929 "Wailing Wall Incident". The Wailing Wall (a.k.a. the Western Wall) is a remnant of the second Jewish Temple, symbolizing the hope that one day the Temple will be rebuilt and the ancient Jewish rituals revived; but the Wall also forms a part of the enclosure surrounding the Temple Mount, which the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque stand atop; Muslims feared that Jewish actions before the Western Wall could lead to their pressing a claim to the historic site. In 1928, Jewish worshipers brought some benches to sit on. The police took them away several times, but the Jews kept putting them back. To Muslims, this activity was an attempt by the Jews to strengthen their claims to the Wall and retaliated by running a highway past it to distract the worshipers. Several fights broke out that escalated into a small civil war. Arabs perpetrated massacres in other places in Palestine. The British constabulary was inadequate and Britain sent a commission of inquiry; later issuing a report that justified the Arab position. The colonial secretary, Lord Passfield, placed blame on the Jewish Agency and the Zionists, and Britain tightened restrictions on Jewish immigration. Due to domestic embarrassment, the British government issued a letter explaining away the Passfield condemnation, hardly appeasing the Zionists, but angering the Arabs. As Arab animosity increased, the Arab Higher Committee in Palestine called for a general strike, paralyzing the country for several months. The British sent another commission of inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, which recommended partition, giving a small area of northern and central Palestine to the Jews, while leaving the most to Arabs. But the Palestine Arabs opposed the partition, fearing its acceptance would be a step toward their loss of Palestine. Britain scaled

Blakley and Johnson Revised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blakley and Johnson Revised - Essay Example It can be justifiably asserted therefore that a combination of digital technologies and internet usage enables millions of people in the world rapid access of various information than any historical library, allowing people to be an innovative and creators in their own perspective. The collaborative and shared platform brought about by digitization elicits different reactions. On one hand, proponents of the idea strongly suggest that it has transformed how people share and create information, creating a platform for product innovation and how people â€Å"own† and â€Å"copy† information. On the other hand however, Governments and technological companies view low restrictions placed on IP as a potential threat to cloud computing and mobile technologies. Blakley’s model of open copyrights provides enlightening information on IP rights from a business perspective. Her elaborate ideas of the phases of technology in determining the information to be copyright protect ed and subsequent elements in ownership from a fashion industry offers additional insights into technological innovations and the kind of ownership required in a digitized economy. (Blakely) At the same time, Johnson Steven’s â€Å"Where Good Ideas come from† examines the origin of innovative ideas from a historical perspective. In his analysis of the origin of great innovative ideas, Stephen starts his journey from London’s Coffee House â€Å"Liquid Networks† through Darwinian slow ideas of the revolution towards today’s highly technological creations brought about by the internet and the world wide web. (Johnson) The concept of ownership infers having control over any form of a thing, or an idea. Sharing on the other hand implies that other persons have access to the idea or object, and can even incorporate new ideas into the existing idea to come up with a modified version. Usually, the association between ownership and balancing is often achiev ed when a person has the ability to appreciate an object or an idea without having to ask who controls the idea or object. It therefore implies that both parties derive benefits from the shared item and non existence of role confusion while enjoying that idea or creation. The balance and concept of ownership are often easily understood when referring to tangible assets like objects and things as opposed to intangible issues like ideas. There exist various issues surrounding the sharing of information and innovation and pragmatic issues of copyrights. In essence, proponents of the open creation or low IP suggests that the success of an innovation depends whether an innovation is shared by the creator, and the achievement of equilibrium is largely dependent on voluntary sharing by the owner of the idea. While supporting this theory, Johana Blakely offers insightful information into the sharing of ownership ideas. She relates the success stories from the fashion industry where the sect or has recorded tremendous gains from sharing of fashion ideas. She further argues that the sharing platform as witnessed in the fashion industry enables all fashion designers to share and enable them to incorporate other people’s ideas into their creations. The fashion industry does not have any copyright law for these ideas. The success in this approach presents high gross sales in sectors that have low IP protection as

Human rights in Turkey and United Kingdom Research Proposal

Human rights in Turkey and United Kingdom - Research Proposal Example The intention of this study is human right that covers thousands of years of religious, cultural, legal and philosophical developments of history. Many ancient documents philosophies and religious texts included concepts that can be considered as human rights of those times. For example, the Edicts of Ashoka given by Ashoka the Great of India, the Constitution of Medina in 622 A.D., issued by Mohammad. One of the most significant historical documents is the English Magna Carta of 1215. Modern interpretation of human rights is significantly influenced by the various historical documents that lay considerable importance on human rights. Many events led to the formation of the philosophy of human rights. The British Bill of 1689 made many harsh governmental acts illegal in the United Kingdom. Two other important events were when the United States and France adopted the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen respectively, both these revolutions established certain legal rights. These events were followed by many philosophers such as Thomas Paine, Hegel and William Lloyd contributing to the development of the philosophy of human rights. The term ‘human rights’ came into use sometime between Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man and Lloyds writings in The Liberator. In North America and Western Europe many labor unions worked towards making labor laws, regulating or forbidding child labor, the right to strike and the like. National liberation movements, like Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement in India, proved successful in driving out colonial rule. The women's right movement was successful in getting women the right to vote. Among other movements were the civil rights movement and movements on behalf of women and minorities. The foundations of the International Humanitarian Law were laid by the establishment of the Red Cross, the Geneva Conventions and the Lieber Code in 1864. This set the stage for further development of human rights after the two

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, in 1892, about Sherlock Holmes, his famous detective. Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, and was a known as a keen pigeon-lover. He studied medicine there and eventually served as a physician in the Boer War, and many other battles. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published his first Sherlock Holmes tale, A Study in Scarlet, in 1887. He was so successful in his writing that he gave up his career as a physician only five years after the creation of Sherlock Holmes. He wrote a total of fifty-six short stories and four Sherlock Holmes novels over forty years. The stories are realistic representations of the moral and cultural settings of this period of the Victorian era. The nineteenth century is known as the Victorian era due to Queen Victoria ruling between 1837 and 1901. Many changes came about during this period in Britain, and many discoveries were made. Inventions such as the steam train made travel more common, and journeys easier to pursue. There is evidence of this in The Speckled Band, when the daughter of Dr. Roylott is able to travel faster to the city to meet Sherlock Holmes as she took a train, You took a train I see. Along with this was the industrial revolution, which brought rising crime rates and pollution. As the cities were crowded, due to large amounts of working class going to towns to get work, the Victorian rich were scared for their safety. In The Man with the Twisted Lip Mrs St. Clair was to said to be, In the hope of seeing a cab as she did not like the neighbourhood. This shows how scared the upper class were of the neighbourhoods with working class. With the Industrial Revolution also came a transformation within the social landscape. New wealth was looked down upon by upper classes, and with capitalists and manufacturers being able to acquire great fortunes the upper class were in disgust. The upper class were strict and there were rules in Victorian Britain that governed behaviour. Manners and morals were of great importance to Victorians, along with the Church and religious beliefs. Victorian society believed that an English gentleman should have certain mannerisms, and dress and speak properly. His intentions were consistently good, and his manners impeccable. A gentleman should uphold laws and societys rules; leading a respectable life, not squandering it. As far as Victorians believed, gentlemen were superior, although they should never give offence to anyone, even lower classes. They should not be arrogant or of a snobbish disposition, yet should act wisely at all times.

Comparing the Role of the Ghost in Morrisons Beloved and Kingstons No

The Symbolic Role of the Ghost in Morrison's Beloved and Kingston's No Name Woman The eponymous ghosts which haunt Toni Morrison's Beloved and Maxine Hong Kingston's "No Name Woman" (excerpted from The Woman Warrior) embody the consequence of transgressing societal boundaries through adultery and murder. While the wider thematic concerns of both books differ, however both authors use the ghost figure to represent a repressed historical past that is awakened in their narrative retelling of the stories. The ghosts facilitate this retelling of stories that give voice to that which has been silenced, challenging this repression and ultimately reversing it. The patriarchal repression of Chinese women is illustrated by Kingston's story of No Name Woman, whose adulterous pregnancy is punished when the villagers raid the family home. Cast out by her humiliated family, she births the baby and then drowns herself and her child. Her family exile her from memory by acting as if "she had never been born" (3) -- indeed, when the narrator's mother tells the story, she prefaces it with a strict injunction to secrecy so as not to upset the narrator's father, who "denies her" (3). By denying No Name Woman a name and place in history, leaving her "forever hungry," (16) the patriarchy exerts the ultimate repression in its attempt to banish the transgressor from history. Yet her ghost continues to exist in a liminal space, remaining on the fringes of memory as a cautionary tale passed down by women, but is denied full existence by the men who "do not want to hear her name" (15). Kingston's narrator tackles this repression when she sympathetically frames No Name Woman's story as one of subjugation, pointing out that "women in the old Ch... ... "The Woman Warrior as a Search for Ghosts", Sato examines Kingston's symbolic use of the ghost figure as a means of approaching the dramatic structure of the text and appreciating its thematic search for identity amidst an often-paradoxical bicultural setting. Sonser makes this argument through a comparison of Beloved with Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. Her essay, "The Ghost in the Machine: Beloved and The Scarlet Letter", draws strong parallels between the two female protagonists, Sethe and Hester, who challenge the oppressive frameworks of their societies. Despite the ideological incongruity of Hawthorne's patriarchal Puritanism and Morrison's racist slavery, Sonser still finds a shared thematic "intersection of subjectivity and social power" (17) that resonates in the stories of two women's attempts at self-definition from the margins of society.

Mgr Assingment

Economic Future: Key points – assuming you are a UK based company, the potential uncertainty n the Euro zone e. G. Countries leaving the Euro Zone, fluctuation with exchange rates. Proposed managerial planning objectives – Similar to the political future, keep abreast of potential changes and have contingency plans in placer e. G. A supplier could be based in Europe so the company could look at secondary supplier in the UK or a different country that may not be affected or lesser impact from any changes.Socio-cultural Future: Key points – changes in consumer buyer patterns linked to the point identified. Proposed managerial planning objectives – Keep up to date With he latest marketing information, closely monitor what the competitors are taking to market and what they are planning to take to market. Technology is fast moving so if the company is not on the forefront of the latest gadget there is a potential the organization will be left behind. This needs to link to the corporate strategy of where the business is evolving to and this needs to driven by key market data.Technological Future: Key points – being aware or leading the latest technological developments, knowing when to start and stop producing a technology Proposed managerial landing objectives – this needs to dictated by the corporate strategy, does the business what to be at the forefront of the technology evolution or slightly lagging where the market is better known and stable. One strategy is to diversify so part of the business is pushing the technology boundaries and another is manufacture products in a mature market. The business in the mature market can be viewed as a cash cow for the cutting edge business.The key is diversification so there are a number Of income streams and these can be strictly monitored to know when to enter or leave a market. Part 3 Innovation Management Background Logistic are acquiring a small high technology firm to allow the m to move in the wearable technology market. The need for change is typically either: Environmental: competition, customer demands, etc. Internal forces: Meet company plans/goals, due to company problems, company needs etc. The reason/need for change with Logistic is the desire to move into the wearable technology market From the theory this will be regarded as a ‘Transformational Change†, I. . Involves the redesign and renewal of the total organization (Marcia, 2008) Considerations prior to acquisition: Need to determine whether the administration style and Corporate culture fit. Whether there are any major differences in values, beliefs or practices. If the above isn't addressed it can cause stress and anxiety. Organizational development has three stages – unfreezing the organization, changing the organization and then refreezing the organization after all of the changes have been implemented.

Automobile design Essay

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE â€Å"Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man†. -Swami Vivekananda I strongly believe that perfection is already in man, inherent in his heart and soul and education is the medium through which we are able to manifest that perfection. This century can be credited with having given birth too many ideas, visions, way of living and working. It can be credited with almost as many revelations of thoughts and practices. The world is ever changing. An ambition to be a part of and to contribute to this fact changing process, a perpetual urge to learn quest, a profound desire to translate conception into reality made me opportunity for a Graduate program at your prestigious university. It has been my deepest desire to be a part of this rapid burgeoning community. With due reverence to the department and University, I pen down this Statement of purpose. In this ever changing world of Engineering and Technology, passing day makes them obsolete, I want to attain the highest level of education and transcend new scope for research in Mechanical Engineering. This has always fascinated me and I am keen to continue my academic pursuit in this field. I have always cherished a dream to become an Engineer, a dream that was innate and developed slowly over the years. Right from my school days I grew, my interest and ability were inclined towards the physical nature of the universe. Science unraveled many a mystery for me. Math’s challenged me and gave me joy. Learning itself became a key to my life. My tryst with Automobile’s began during my childhood days when I had a great interest in Racing Sport and Cars. The idea of controlling a car has always been very thrilling and invigorating I remembered being hooked to the television, watching in amazement, an array of open wheeled cars circulates the track in a staggering fashion. Moreover, reading pertinent journals and magazines has helped me stay up-to-date with the recent advances in this fast-moving field. I always enjoyed analyzing and understanding the working of Automobiles, starting from experimenting on my toys to fixing my bike. It was then that I aspired to enter into this intriguing branch of Mechanical engineering and make my mark on the Automobile Industry. I would like to have a glance at my academic career which imbibed me potential to perform well and made me a commodious person. I did my schooling in the idyllic atmosphere  of which I gradually flourished as a versatile person where I got my first leap by scoring 75% in tenth standard. I scored 87 marks in mathematics and 82 in science; with this motivation I pursued Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as my major course in Intermediatewhere from, I secured 73.1% in higher secondary exam. The competitive spirit within me acted as a catalyst in all my academics successes. Pursuing Engineerin g as my future was a natural consequence because of my undergraduate studies in Mechanical Engineering. I have benefited from the breadth of College of Engineering & Research, affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University one of the most prestigious university in India. The day of my undergraduate study helped me to get sound knowledge and a firm grasps over the principles underlying the course, which gave me an edge above other students. I excelled it with first class with distinction with an aggregate of 74.32%. The undergraduate study has given me a comprehensive exposure to a wide spectrum of courses in mechanical engineering namely, Strength of Materials, Design of Machine Members 1&2, Kinematics of Machinery, Thermodynamics, Finite Element Analysis, Mechanics of Solids, Robotics, Computer aided Design/Computer aided Manufacturing etc. I strongly believe in â€Å"learning by doing†. It is the hope of coming up with path breaking results streaked with an element of uncertainty that makes experimental result extremely fascinating. I went beyond the four walls of the classroom, during my undergraduate course, I visited many industries in which I underwent five week technical training at Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), is a Department of Atomic Energy on the study of Manufacturing Extrusion Die on CNC Lathe Machine which includes it’s casting to final Product in plant and other applications. Later I had undergone industrial visit at Vizag Steel Plant popularly known as Vizag Steel is the most advanced steel producer in India with the help of German and soviet technology where I have learnt the process of Manufacturing of steel from its coke to final product. This provides to be a very valuable experience as it provided me with an industry exposure and a chance to showcase my technical knowledge in an industry based environment. I wanted to get closer look at the application of Mechanical Engineering. I presented a good number of technical papers at the national level. The first competition I took part was a National level Paper Presentation event conducted by NIT Rourkela, as  a part of ‘INNOVATION 2011’ and I got Merit Certification. Then I participated in a ROBOTIC Work shop held at Kakatiya University, Warangal and I presented paper on ‘Solar & Hybrid Vehicle’ at VNR Vignan Jyothi and received a merit certification. And I have also participated as a Volunteer in a prestigious Social Activity like ’Hyderabad Literary Festival’ held in January 2014. I have organized many technical and cultural events. All this extra-curricular activities have made me social accomplished with self-confidence, communicating skills, leadership qualities and team spirit. My major contribution towards research, leading the team in an academic oriented research main project â€Å"Dynamic Analysis of Composite Propeller of Ship Using FEM† The project deals with modeling and analyzing the propeller blade by using ’C arbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic’ materials, to reduce the Vibrations & Noise in the Propeller. This requires high end Modeling software’s. The Solid model is developed in CATIA V5 R19, Tetrahedral mesh is generated in HYPER MESH and Static & Modal Analysis is done in ANSYS. The Analysis results showed that the natural frequencies of composite propeller were more than aluminum propeller, which indicates that the operation range of frequency is higher for composite materials. My role in this project as a team leader was to provide the basic functionality which deals with Modeling and analyzing was handled by my team mates along with my participation. The success of this project made me thirst in quest for a research in Design for Manufacturing, Advanced Material Technology and Design & Development which is the front and backend of my application. It has long been my ambition to pursue my studies in Automotive Engineering and to do it from a country like Germany will be a golden opportunity of my life. I know that Germany has got good reputation for higher education around the world. Its automotive industry is among the top manufacturers in the world with famous BMW and Mercedes as the leading success story of quality, modernity and comfort in automobiles. One final honest to goodness thought I have to admit in conclusion, I feel I would like to give back society all valuable and technical skills that I will be gaining from your university I am confident that graduate study in your department, which is already at the cutting edge, would provide me an excellent opportunity to reach my goal. Diverse background of students, distinguished faculty and research facilities at the institute will also help me to expand my horizons.

6 Secret Weapons You Won’t Learn in Nursing SchoolÂÂ

6 Secret Weapons You Won’t Learn in Nursing School   We all know how much studying is required to become a nurse. But even after all those books and hours, there are a few tools in the magic toolbox that can help turn a nurse into a super healer over the course of his or her career. 1. Lie DetectionWhether a patient is too embarrassed to discuss the real problem or they’re struggling with addiction, the ER nurse is the b***s*** detecting first line of defense. Develop your sharpness in figuring out what a patient really needs (or doesn’t need) and you’ll help them in far greater numbers.2. Common SenseThis one is almost impossible to teach, but it is paramount- and doctors and nurses, particularly in the chaotic ER, tend to accumulate a lot of it. It’s what helps you keep your head and triage the situation.3. Cool Under ChaosControl is great, but it doesn’t always linger long in the ER. Most people, if dropped into that pandemonium, would crumble under the pressure. But keeping your cool with patients everywhere and unexpected problems? That’s a standard issue skill for nurses.4. Gut InstinctYou’ve studied everything there is to study, but you’re nothing without instinct. It’s a nurse’s secret weapon, honed over the course of a career. Patience, observation, and years of practice give nurses deeper insight, plus the confidence to listen to that gut feeling when it comes!5. A Noise-Cancelling BrainChaos is loud. Pagers, sirens, voices, and codes are flying and your task is to concentrate on listening to one heartbeat or one patient history. Learn how to tune out the excess noise and you’ll develop the ability to focus only on the highest priority.6. A Nose for ItNothing in the ER smells particularly good. But nurses have a keener sense of what the funkiest smells can mean, medically speaking. They’ve saved millions of hours and dollars expediting the diagnostic process with their Spidey sense.

Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Juvenile Justice - Essay Example One other approach is the use of DNA mapping and evidence tracking. The use of electronic monitoring devices that work through cellular or gps locating software have been making their way into the system and can be used to track movement in real time as well as even tracking substance use through sleep patterns. According to Streetime technologies, â€Å"The SleepTimeâ„ ¢ monitor records moment-to-moment sleep patterns through the night, and detects deviations related to episodes of intoxication that occurred during the previous day.† (STREETIME) Another brainchild program currently in use in various locations across the United States that is a STREETIME product is the PassPoint retinal drug monitoring system, this system allows the user and the administrator to check if the client or juvenile offender in question needs to have a urinalysis administered. Technologies like these assist in advancing the goal of reducing man hours spent both patrolling those juveniles on proba tion and the high expense associated with bi-weekly substance checks using a urinalysis alone. Another approach to technocorrections is the use of pharmacological approaches in the treatment of juveniles currently in correctional or noncorrectional probationary settings.

Client brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Client brief - Essay Example The whole administration of ACRES determinedly trust in advertising group inclusion in tending to creature assurance issues and in building associations with all related bodies to enhance creature welfare. A measurable quality demonstrates that around 2,264 creatures have been protected since August the year 200911. The mission of ACRES is to make a minding and socially mindful social order where creatures are dealt with as aware creatures. All the more along these lines, its desire is decided beforehand to drive advance a community oriented and supportable creature assurance development in Asia. More, ACRES fundamental objectives and goal could be encouraging admiration and sympathy for all creatures, enhancing the living conditions and welfare of creatures in bondage and instructing individuals on lifestyle decisions, which dont include the ill-use of creatures and which natures turf amicable. Sections of land association are a creature insurance association, determined by our sympathy toward creatures. We receive exploration ventures on the utilization of creatures in different fields. Research discoveries are then used to instruct the general population to push animated group association in the creature assurance development, and additionally strive towards synergistic organizations with powers and related gatherings. The ACRES association decidedly trust in pushing group inclusion in tending to creature insurance issues and in building organizations with all related bodies to enhance creature welfare. All the more along these lines, ACRES association point for the exploration to bring about reasonable progressions for the creatures since they accept as methodology is Scientific, Creative, Practical and Positive 22. Sections of land, together with the SPCA, at present are supporting a battle by the Change for Animals Foundation (CFAF) to wipe out the hide exchange Singapore: an exchange that includes amazing

Plantwide and Department Allocation Methods within an Activity Based Essay

Plantwide and Department Allocation Methods within an Activity Based Costing System - Essay Example Costs are first allocated from resource cost pools such as plant wide and department cost allocations. The resource cost pools may associate materials and labor costs. Second, resource drivers are identified. Resource drivers are also called cost drivers that measure the consumption of resources by an activity and assign costs to such consumption. The result of the assignment is an activity cost pool for each activity. Plant wide and department allocation methods are derived from the allocation of overheads to production and service departments and then reallocating service departments cost to production departments in order to obtain the plant wide cost allocation. On the other hand, the ABC system assigns overheads to each major activity instead of departments. Therefore, the plant wide and department cost allocations are primarily used during identification of resource drivers and assignment of costs of resource consumption by an activity. However, because of the complexity and large number of cost centers needed in an ABC system, plant wide and department allocation method are still widely used in performance measurement. The ABC system is utilized in strategic decision making processes such as pricing, cost reduction, and customer profitability (Drury,